BS ISO 37169:2021 pdf download – Smart community infrastructures — Smart transportation by run-through train/ bus operation in/between cities 4 Concept of smart transportation by run-through operation 4.1 City development process with transportation organization A large city has been developed by extending transportation services from the city centre to the outside in order to expand city areas for citizens’ lives and work. In old cities, they had gates to inspect visitors to a city to protect their citizens. The places where the gates were placed have been developed to have the function of sub-city centres. By following such historical culture, some old cities have rail terminals in sub-centres where trains are not allowed to directly come into the metropolitan area beyond sub- centres. This manner avoids traffic congestion caused in the area by trains rushing into one point with their large number of passengers. Bus and streetcar or tram systems have been organized for the local transport in the metropolitan area to connect the city centre and sub-city centres. The subway was then introduced when the ground transportation does not provide sufficient capacity to meet demand. Thus, transportation services are often terminated in sub-centres where all passengers are forced to change trains whenever coming to/going out from a metropolitan area. Even if a city does not have such a historical background, many cities began investing in grade separated urban rail systems such as subways or “over ground” systems on aerial structures within crowded metropolitan areas to reduce surface congestion. These systems also grew rapidly, where vast coordinate. Thus, most bus carriers prefer not to develop new routes extending outside of their current service territories. This type of service forces customers to make many inconvenient transfers from one bus carrier to another between service territories. Through bus services eliminate inconvenient forced transfers between service territories through the use of interchange or rental use agreements. These agreements would allow a bus driver from one carrier to drive a bus owned by a different carrier for use in licensed routes or service territories while passengers remain on-board the same bus. What bus routes or service territories licensed to different carriers are to run-through bus operation, railroad tracks owned by different rail carriers are to run- through train operation. Through bus services also streamline a carrier’s bus operations by reducing the number of dispatch offices in different service territories, thus lowering a carrier’s bus...
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