BS ISO 5058-1:2021 pdf download – Biotechnology — Genome editing Part 1: Vocabulary
This document defines terms related to genome editing technology.
This document is applicable to general use of genome editing across species.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3? Terms? and? definitions
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1 Genome editing concepts
3.1.1
gene editing
techniques for genome engineering (3.1.3) that involve nucleic acid damage, repair mechanisms, eplication and/or recombination for incorporating site-specific modification(s) into a gene or genes
Note 1 to entry: Gene editing is a subclass of genome editing (3.1.2).
Note 2 to entry: There are various genome editing tools (see 3.2 and Figure 1).
3.1.2
genome editing
techniques for genome engineering (3.1.3) that involve nucleic acid damage, repair mechanisms,replication and/or recombination for incorporating site-specific modification(s) into a genomic DNA
Note 1 to entry: Gene editing (3.1.1) is a subclass of genome editing.
Note 2 to entry: There are various genome editing tools (see 3.2 and Figure 1).
3.1.3
genome engineering
process of introducing intentional changes to genomic nucleic acid Note 1 to entry: Gene editing (3.1.1) and genome editing (3.1.2) are techniques used in genome engineering.
3.1.4
off-target
genome editing off-target
genomic position and/or nucleic acid sequence distinct from the target (3.1.6) EXAMPLE Off-target binding, off-target cleavage, off-target edit, off-target sequence change.
Note 1 to entry: An off-target edit is an example of an unintended edit (3.3.7).
3.1.5
specificity
genome editing target specificity
extent to which an editing agent or procedure acts only on its intended target (3.1.6)
Note 1 to entry: When using this term, the procedure is defined, the intended target is defined, the action or outcome is measured and reported, and limits of detection are reported.
3.1.6
target
genome editing target
nucleic acid sequence subject to intentional binding, modification and/or cleavage during a genome editing (3.1.2) process
Note 1 to entry: See also off-target (3.1.4), Cas nuclease target site (3.2.2.2), meganuclease target site (3.2.3.4), megaTAL target site (3.2.4.3), TALEN target site (3.2.5.4) and ZFN target site (3.2.6.5).
3.2 Genome editing tools
3.2.1 General
3.2.1.1
repair template
nucleic acid sequence used to direct cellular DNA repair pathways to incorporate specific DNA sequence changes at or near a target (3.1.6)
3.2.1.2
site-directed DNA modification enzyme
enzyme capable of modifying DNA at a specific sequence EXAMPLE Site-directed nuclease (3.2.1.3), site-directed adenosine deaminase.
3.2.1.3
site-directed nuclease
sequence-specific nuclease
enzyme capable of cleaving the phosphodiester bond between adjacent nucleotides in a nucleic acid polymer at a specific sequence
3.2.2? CRISPR? specific
3.2.2.1
Cas nuclease
CRISPR associated nuclease
enzyme that is a component of CRISPR systems that is capable of breaking the phosphodiester bond between nucleotides
EXAMPLE Cas3, Cas9, Cas12a, Cas13, CasX.
Note 1 to entry: Some but not all Cas nucleases interact with a gRNA (3.2.2.4). See also crRNA (3.2.2.3), sgRNA (3.2.2.7) and tracrRNA (3.2.2.9).
3.2.2.2
Cas nuclease target site
nucleotide sequence comprising the PAM (3.2.2.5), in most cases, and a region that hybridizes to the target sequence specific guide of a Cas RNP (3.2.2.6)
3.2.2.3
crRNA
CRISPR RNA
polyribonucleotide that includes sequence complementarity to the target (3.1.6) and a sequence that interacts with a Cas protein and optionally tracrRNA (3.2.2.9) Note 1 to entry: crRNA is a component of gRNA (3.2.2.4) or a complete gRNA, depending on the CRISPR system.
Note 2 to entry: In some CRISPR systems, a portion of the crRNA will base-pair with the tracrRNA (e.g. Cas9). Other CRISPR systems lack tracrRNA (e.g. Cas12a/Cpf1).
In systems that do not require tracrRNA, the gRNA is called a “CRISPR RNA” or simply “crRNA”.
3.2.2.4
gRNA guide
RNA polyribonucleotide containing regions sufficient for productive interaction with a Cas nuclease (3.2.2.1) or variant to direct interaction with the specific target (3.1.6) Note 1 to entry: See crRNA (3.2.2.3), tracrRNA (3.2.2.9) and sgRNA (3.2.2.7).
Note 2 to entry: For Cas9-type proteins, the natural gRNA comprises a crRNA that imparts sequence specificity and the tracrRNA that interacts with and activates the protein. This is sometimes referred to as a “dual guide”. Other Cas proteins can have different gRNA structures. Note 3 to entry: sgRNA for Cas9 proteins are non-naturally occurring polyribonucleotides where the crRNA and tracrRNA are fused with an artificial linker.
Note 4 to entry: In some cases, chemical modifications of the polyribonucleotide are used, such as modifications to the phosphodiester linkages, bases or sugar moieties. These can include substitution of DNA (2′-deoxy) or 2′-methoxy nucleotides for RNA nucleotides, etc.BS ISO 5058-1 pdf download.